Freedom Activist Network's Guide To
United States Case Law

US CASE LAW
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United States Constitutional Case Law

Congressional Qualifications

Also see Article 1, Section 2, Article 1, Section 5

Powell v McCormack

395 US 486; 89 S Ct 1944; 23 L Ed 2d 491 (1969)
(Exclusion of duly elected Representatives only for failure to meet Constitutional qualifications)

Federal Bill of Attainder

Also see Article 1, Section 9, Article 1, Section 10's State Bill of Attainder

Federal Ex Post Facto Law

Also see Article 1, Section 9, Article 1, Section 10's State Ex Post Facto Law

Calder v Bull

3 Dallas 386; 1 L. Ed. 648 (1798)
(Retroactive Changes to Rules regarding the Admissibility of Evidence and the Competency of Witnesses to Testify is Unconstitutional)

Direct Taxes

Also see Article 1 Section 2, Article 1, Section 9, Income Taxes

Lay and Collect Taxes ... To Pay The Debts

Also see Article 1 Section 8

Lay and Collect Taxes ... To ... Provide For The ... General Welfare of the United States

also see Article 1 Section 8

United States v Butler

297 US 1 (1936)
(Agricultural Tax and Subsidy Regulation Not General Welfare and Reserved To States)
Findlaw

Regulate Interstate Commerce

Also see Article 1 Section 8, 5th Amendment's Double Jeopardy, 9th Amendment's Undelegated Powers

Gonzales v Raich

03-1454 (2005)
(Commerce Clause Authorizes Congress to Regulate Noncommercial Intrastate Activity)
FindLaw

Jones v United States

178 F 3d 479 (2000)
(Residential Dwelling Not Used in Commerce not Subject of Federal Law Authorized by Commerce Clause)

United States v Morrison

169 F 3d 820 (2000)
(Federal Civil Remedy of Gender Based Violence Not Authorized by Commerce Clause)

Reno v Condon

98-1464 (2000)
(Fedreal Regulation of State Sales of Information Authorized by Commerce Clause)

United States v Pierson

139 F 3d 501 (5th Cir 1998)

United States v Lopez

514 US 549, 115 S Ct 1624 (1995)

Gibbons v Ogden

(1824)
(State Law Regulating Interstate Commerce Unconstitutional)

Exclusive Right of Authors & Inventors for Limited Times

Also see Article 1, Section 8

?

(Jan 15 2003)
(Congress Extending Copyright Duration 20 Years is Limited Time and Constitutional)

Habeas Corpus

Also see Article 1, Section 9

Abelman v Booth

21 Howard 506; 16 L Ed 169 (1859)
(State Habeas Corpus of Prisoner in Federal Custody)

Ex Parte Endo

(1944)

Immigration and Naturalization Service v Saint Cyr

(Legal Immigrants in Deportation Proceedings Retain Habeas Corpus Rights)

Rasul v Rumsfeld

03-334 (2003)
(Guantanamo Detainees Retain Habeas Corpus Rights)

Hamdi v Rumsfeld

03-6696
(Guantanamo Detainees Retain Habeas Corpus Rights)

Hamden v Rumsfeld

05-184 (2006)
(Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 Does Not Repeal Habeas Corpus Jurisdiction)

State Bill of Attainder

Also see Article 1, Section 10, Article 1, Section 9's Federal Bill of Attainder

State Ex Post Facto Law

Also see Article 1, Section 10, Article 1, Section 9's Federal Ex Post Facto Law

Carmell v Texas

98-7540 (1999)
(Retroactive Changes to Rules regarding the Admissibility of Evidence and the Competency of Witnesses to Testify is Unconstitutional)

State Impairment of Contracts

City of Cleveland v Cleveland City Railway Comapany

194 US 517 (1904)

Interstate Agreements & Compacts

Also see Article 1, Section 10

New Hampshire v Maine

426 US 363 (1976)
(No Congressional consent required for States compacts regarding States boundaries)

Virginia v Tennessee

148 US 503; 13 S Ct 728; 37 L Ed 537 (1893)
(No Congressional consent required for States compacts regarding States boundaries)

Supreme Court Jurisdction

Also see Article 3, 11th Amendment's Jurisdiction in Suits Against States

Stump v Sparkman

435 US 349; 55 L Ed 2d 331; 98 S Ct 1099 (1978)
(State and federal judges immune from liability for judicial acts except in "clear absence of all jurisdiction")

Powell v McCormack

395 US 486; 89 S Ct 1944; 23 L Ed 2d 491 (1969)
(Court jurisdiction in qualifications and exclusion of duly elected Representatives)

Baker v Carr

369 US 186; 82 S Ct 691, 7 L Ed 2d 663 (1962)
(Court jurisdiction in state legislative reapportionment)

Screws v United States

325 US 91 (1945)
(Officials liable for actions "under color of law" except judges)

Erie Railroad Co v Tompkins

304 US 64; 58 S Ct 817; 82 L Ed 1188 (1938)
(Federal court bound by declaration of highest state court on state law)

Ex parte Albert Levitt

302 US 633; 58 S Ct 1; 82 L Ed 493 (1937)
(Insufficient interest of private citizen for action from Court)

Aetna Life Insurance Co of Hartford v Haworth

US 227; 57 S Ct 461; 81 L Ed 617 (1937)
(Jurisdiction in civil suits for declaratory judgements)

Massachusetts v Mellon

262 US 447 (1923)
Findlaw

Muskrat v United States

219 US 346; 31 S Ct 250; 55 L Ed 246 (1911)
(No Court jurisdiction to determine validity of laws without a "case" or "controversy")

South Dakota v North Carolina

192 US 286; 24 S Ct 269; 48 L Ed 448 (1904)
(Jurisdiction in "controversies between two or more States")

Ex parte McCardle

7 Wallace 506; 19 L Ed 264 (1869)
(No Court jurisdiction after Repeal of Congressional Act authorizing jurisdiction)

Kentucky v Dennison

24 Howard 66; 16 L Ed 717 (1861)
(No Court jurisdiction for State officers' failure to extradite)

Dred Scott v Sanford

19 Howard 393 (1857)

Luther v Borden

7 Howard 1; 12 L Ed 581 (1849)
(No Court jurisdiction to guaranty republican form of State government)

Osborn v Bank of the United States

9 Wheaton 738; 6 L Ed 204 (1824)
(Federal Agency Suit of State Officials)

Cohens v Virginia

6 Wheaton 264; 5 L Ed 257 (1821)
(State and Citizen of Same State; US Constitutional Defense)

Martin v Hunter's Lessee

1 Wheaton 304; 4 L Ed 97 (1816)

Marbury v Madison

1 Cranch 137; 2 L Ed 60 (1803)
(Executive Branch Appointments)

Criminal Jury Trial

Also see Article 3, Sec 2, 6th Amendment

Lewis v United States

(1996)
(Defendants Prosecuted in Single Proceeding for Multiple Petty Offenses with Potential Sentence Exceeding Six Months has No Right to Jury Trial)

Duncan v Louisiana

391 US 145; 20 L Ed 491; 88 S Ct 1444 (1968)

Full Faith and Credit

Also see Article 4

Privileges and Immunities

Also see Article 4, Sec 2, 14th Amendment's Privileges and Immunities

Slaugher House Cases

16 Wallace 36; 21 L Ed 394 (1873)
(Rights Derived from State Citizenship not Protected by 14th Amendment)

Cohens v Virginia

6 Wheaton 264; 5 L Ed 257 (1821)

Interstate Extradition

Also see Article 4

Kentucky v Dennison

24 Howard 66; 16 L Ed 717 (1861)
(Federal Government cannot Compel State Officers to Extradite)

Consent for New States

Also see Article 4, Section 3

New Hampshire v Maine

426 US 363 (1976)
(No Congressional Consent Required for States Compacts regarding States Boundaries)

Virginia v Tennessee

148 US 503; 13 S Ct 728; 37 L Ed 537 (1893)
(No Congressional Consent Required for States Compacts regarding States Boundaries)

Guaranty of Republican Form of State Government

Also see Article 4, Section 4

Luther v Borden

7 Howard 1; 12 L Ed 581 (1849)
(No Court Jurisdiction to Guaranty Republican Form of State Government)

Supremacy Clause

Also see Undelegated Powers

?

(Mar 6 2000)
(States cannot Enact Laws that Conflict with or Supplement Federal Law)

Crosby v National Foreign Trade Council

99-474 (2000)
Findlaw

State Judges Bound to US Constitution

Also see Article 6

Testa v Katt

330 US 386; 67 S Ct 810, 91 L Ed 967 (1947)
(States must enforce Federal laws)

Mondou v New York, NH & H RR Co

223 US 1 (1912)
(States must enforce Federal laws)

Claflin v Houseman

93 US 130 (1876)
(States must enforce Federal laws)

Abelman v Booth

21 Howard 506; 16 L Ed 169 (1859)
(State Habeas Corpus of Prisoner in Federal Custody)

Martin v Hunter's Lessee

1 Wheaton 304; 4 L Ed 97 (1816)

Establishment of Religion

Also see 1st Amendment

Elk Grove Unified School District v Newdow

02-1624 (2004)
(Non-Custodial Parent Lacks Standing on Behalf of Child in "under god" in Pledge of Allegiance Suit)

Santa Fe Independent School District v Doe

99-62 (2000)
(Student led Prayer Organized by Public School Unconstitutional Establishment of Religion)
Cornell

Lee v Weisman

505 US 577 (1992)
(Inviting clergy to offer prayers at public school graduation ceremony unconstitutional establishment of religion)
Findlaw

Abington School District v Schempp

374 US 203 (1963)
Findlaw

Engel v Vitale

370 US 421 (1962)
Findlaw

Free Exercise of Religion

Also see 1st Amendment

?

(June 11 2001)
(Government Run (Public) Schools cannot Discriminate Against After-Hours Religious Programs)

Harris v McRae

448 US 297; 65 L Ed 2d 784; 100 S Ct 2671 (1980)

Burstyn v Wilson

343 US 495; 72 S Ct 777; 96 L Ed 1098 (1952)

Martin v City of Struthers, Ohio

319 US 141; 63 S Ct 862; 87 L Ed 1313 (1943)

Murdock v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

319 US 105; 63 S Ct 870; 87 L Ed 1292 (1943)
(Licenses for Solicitation and Distribution of Religious Literature)

Cantwell v Connecticut

310 US 296 (1940)
(Licenses for Solicitation and Donations for Religious, Charitable or Philanthropic Causes)
FindLaw

Speech

Also see 1st Amendment

?

(Apr 7 2003)
(States may Prohibit Actions Intended to Intimidate or Threaten)

?

(Jan 15 2002)
(City Ordinance Requiring Permit for Large Events does not Violate United States Constitution)

?

(May 22 2000)
(Regulation Limiting Sexually Explicit Cable Programming to Late Night Hours Violates US Constitution)

National Movement v University of Mississippi

(5th Circuit) (2000)
(Confederate Flag Prohibition does not Violate US Constitution)

Warren v County of Fairfax

98-1059 (4th Circuit 1999)
(Large, Grassy Mall Adjacent to County Government Center a Traditional Public Forum)
FindLaw

Arkansas Educational Television Commission v Forbes

523 US 666, 677 (1998)
FindLaw

ISKCON v Lee

505 US 672 (1992)
FindLaw

Forsyth County v Nationalist Movement

505 US 123 (1992)
(Fee for Police Unconstitutionally Content Based)
FindLaw

United States v Kokinda

497 US 720 (1990)
(United States Post Office Sidewalk not a Traditional Public Forum)

Texas v Johnson

(1989)
(Flag Desecretion)

City of Lakewood v Plain Dealer Publishing Co

486 US 750 (1988)

Cornelius v NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund

473 US 788, 800 (1985)

Perry Education Association v Perry Local Educators' Association

460 US 37, 44 (1983)

Widmar v Vincent

454 US 263 (1981)
(University Policy of Open Meeting Facilities for Student Groups Creates Public Forum)

Heffron v International Society for Krishna Consciousness Inc

452 US 640; 69 L Ed 2d 298 (1981)
(Regulation Requiring Fixed Location Permissable Place and Manner Restriction, Solicitation impedes Traffic Flow)
Findlaw

Chandler and Granger v Florida

449 US 560; 101 S Ct 802; 66 L Ed 2d 740 (1981)
(Broadcasts of Criminal Trials)
FindLaw

Metromedia Inc v San Diego

69 L Ed 2d 800 (1981)

Richmond Newspapers Inc v Virginia

448 US 555; 65 L Ed 2d 973 (1980)
FindLaw

Pruneyard Shopping Center v Robins et al

447 US 74 (1980)
FindLaw
(California Statute Granting Speech and Petition Rights at Private Shopping Centers is not a Taking of Property)

Village of Schaumburg v Citizens for a Better Environment et al

444 US 620 (1980)
FindLaw

Federal Communications Commission v Pacifica Foundation

438 US 726; 57 L Ed 2d 1073 (1978)
FindLaw

Beth Israel Hospital v National Labor Relations Board

437 US 483 (1978)
FindLaw

McDaniel v Patty

55 L Ed 2d 593 (1978)

Madison Joint School District v Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission

429 US 167 (1976)
(Statute Providing Open School Board Meetings Creates Public Forum)

Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v Virginia Citizens Consumer Council Inc

425 US 748; 96 S Ct 1817 ; 48 L Ed 2d 346 (1976)
(Commercial Speech; Speech Recipients)
FindLaw

Southeastern Promotions Ltd v Conrad

420 US 546 (1975)
(City-Leased Theater Dedicated to Speech Activity Creates Public Forum)

Lloyd Corporation Ltd v Tanner

407 US 551 (1972)
FindLaw

Amalgamated Food Employees Union Local 59 v Logan Valley Plaza Inc

391 US 308 (1968)
FindLaw

Cox v Louisiana

379 US 536 (1964)
FindLaw

Garrison v Louisiana

379 US 64 (1964)
FindLaw

Rideau v Louisiana

373 US 723 (1963)
FindLaw

Wood v Georgia

370 US 375 (1962)
FindLaw

Beck v Washington

369 US 541 (1962)
FindLaw

Irvin v Dowd

366 US 717 (1961)
FindLaw

Burstyn v Wilson

343 US 495; 72 S Ct 777; 96 L Ed 1098 (1952)
FindLaw

Stroble v California

343 US 181 (1951)
FindLaw

Breard v Alexandria

341 US 622 (1951)
FindLaw

Dennis v United States

341 US 494 (1951)
("Clear and Probable Danger" Test for Speech)
FindLaw

Niemotko v Maryland

340 US 268 (1951)
FindLaw

Kovacs v Cooper

336 US 77; 69 S Ct 448; 93 L Ed 513 (1949)
("Preferred Freedoms"; Prohibition of Sound Trucks and Sound Amplifiers on Public Streets)
FindLaw

Saia v People of State of New York

334 US 558 (1948)
FindLaw

Craig v Harney

331 US 367 (1947)
FindLaw

Pennekamp v Florida

328 US 331; 66 S Ct 1029; 90 L Ed 1295 (1946)
(Contempt of Court for Criticism of Court)
FindLaw

Tucker v Texas

326 US 517 (1946)
FindLaw

Marsh v State of Alabama

326 US 501; 66 S Ct 276; 90 L Ed 265 (1946)
(Licenses for Distribution of Literature Where Private Propertyowner Performs Governmental Public Function)
FindLaw

Thomas v Collins

323 US 516; 65 S Ct 315; 89 L Ed 430 (1945)
(Prior Restraint of Speech; "Clear and Present Danger" Test for Speech; Right to Assemble)
FindLaw

Prince v Massachusetts

321 US 158 (1944)
FindLaw

Follett v Town of McCormick

321 US 573 (1943)
FindLaw

West Virginia State Board of Education v Barnette

319 US 624 (1943)
(Compulsory Pledge of Allegiance in Public Schools Violates Free Speech)
FindLaw

Douglas v City of Jeannette

319 US 157 (1942)
FindLaw

Martin v City of Struthers, Ohio

319 US 141; 63 S Ct 862; 87 L Ed 1313 (1943)
FindLaw

Jones v City of Opelika
Murdock v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

319 US 105; 63 S Ct 870; 87 L Ed 1292 (1943)
(Licenses for Solicitation and Distribution of Religious Literature)
FindLaw

Largent v Texas

318 US 418 (1943)
FindLaw

Jamison v Texas

318 US 413 (1943)
FindLaw

Valentine v Chrestensen

316 US 52 (1942)
(Prohibition of Distribution of Literature)
FindLaw

Chaplinsky v New Hampshire

315 US 568 (1942)
FindLaw

Bridges v California
Times-Mirror Co v Superior Court of California

314 US 252; 62 S Ct 190; 86 L Ed 892 (1941)
(Contempt of Court for Criticism of Court)
FindLaw

Cox v New Hampshire

312 US 569; 61 S Ct 762; 85 L Ed 1049 (1941)
(Licenses for Parades and Processions)
FindLaw

Minersville School District v Gobitis [sic]

310 US 586 (1940)
(Compulsory Pledge of Allegiance in Public Schools Does Not Violate Free Speech. Reversed with West Virginia State Board of Education v Barnette. Defendant's correct name was Globitas)
FindLaw

Cantwell v Connecticut

310 US 296 (1940)
(Licenses for Solicitation and Donations for Religious, Charitable or Philanthropic Causes)
FindLaw

Thornhill v Alabama

310 US 88 (1940)
FindLaw

Schneider v State of New Jersey
Young v People of State of California
Snyder v City of Milwaukee
Nichols et al v Commonwealth of Massachusetts

308 US 147 (1939)
(Prohibition of Distribution of Literature)
FindLaw

Hague v Committee for Industrial Organization

307 US 496; 59 S Ct 954; 83 L Ed 1423 (1939)
FindLaw

Lovell v City of Griffin, Georgia

303 US 444, 58 S Ct 666 (1938)
(Licenses for Distribution and Sale of Literature)
FindLaw

Gitlow v State of New York

268 US 652; 45 S Ct 625; 69 L Ed 1138 (1925)
FindLaw

Meyer v Nebraska

262 US 390; 43 S Ct 625; 67 L Ed 1042 (1923)
FindLaw

Schaefer v United States

251 US 466 (1920)
("Bad Tendency" Test for Speech)
FindLaw

Abrahams v United States

250 US 616 (1919)
FindLaw

Schenck v United States

249 US 47; 39 S Ct 247; 63 L Ed 470 (1919)
("Clear and Present Danger" Test for Speech)
FindLaw

Toledo Newspaper Co v United States

247 US 402 (1918)
FindLaw

Press

Also see 1st Amendment

?

(Apr 16 2003)
(Simulated Child Pornography Prohibition Unconstitutional)

Zurcher v Stanford Daily

436 US 547; 56 L Ed 2d 525; 98 S Ct 1920 (1978)
(Search Warrant for Evidence in Newspaper Office)
FindLaw

Nebraska Press Association v Stuart

427 US 539; 49 L Ed 2d 683; S Ct 2791 (1976)
(Prior Restraint of Publication of Criminal Trial Reporting by State Court Injunction)
FindLaw

Miller v California

413 US 15; 93 S Ct 2607; 37 L Ed 2d 419 (1973)
FindLaw

New York Times Company v United States

403 US 713; 91 S Ct 2140; 29 L Ed 2d 820 (1971)
(Prior Restraint of Publication of Pentagon Papers by President & Federal Court Injunction)
FindLaw

Ginzburg v United States

383 US 463; 86 S Ct 942; 16 L Ed 2d 31 (1966)
FindLaw

New York Times v Sullivan

(1964)
(First Amendment protects journalists, reporting on public officials, from libel suits)

Roth v United States
Alberts v California

354 US 476; 77 S Ct 1304; 1 L Ed 2d 1498 (1957)
(Mailing Obscene Materials)
FindLaw

Burstyn v Wilson

343 US 495; 72 S Ct 777; 96 L Ed 1098 (1952)
FindLaw

Pennekamp v Florida

328 US 331; 66 S Ct 1029; 90 L Ed 1295 (1946)
(Contempt of Court for Criticism of Court)
FindLaw

Martin v City of Struthers, Ohio

319 US 141; 63 S Ct 862; 87 L Ed 1313 (1943)
FindLaw

Hague v Committee for Industrial Organization

307 US 496; 59 S Ct 954; 83 L Ed 1423 (1939)
FindLaw

Grosjean v American Press Co

297 US 233; 56 S Ct 444; 80 L Ed 660 (1936)
FindLaw

Near v State of Minnesota ex rel Olson

283 US 697; 51 S Ct 625; 75 L Ed 1357 (1931)
FindLaw

Gitlow v State of New York

268 US 652; 45 S Ct 625; 69 L Ed 1138 (1925)
FindLaw

Abrams v United States

250 US 616; 40 S Ct 17; 63 L Ed 1173 (1919)
FindLaw

Assembly

Also see 1st Amendment

California Democratic Party v Jones

99-401 (2000)
(Partisan Associations may limit Voters of Candidate Selection despite State's Open Primary Law)
Findlaw

Thomas v Collins

323 US 516; 65 S Ct 315; 89 L Ed 430 (1945)
FindLaw

Hague v Committee for Industrial Organization

307 US 496; 59 S Ct 954; 83 L Ed 1423 (1939)
FindLaw

De Jonge v Oregon

299 US 353; 57 S Ct 255; 81 L Ed 278 (1937)
FindLaw

Gitlow v State of New York

268 US 652; 45 S Ct 625; 69 L Ed 1138 (1925)
FindLaw

Militias

Also see 2nd Amendment

United States v Miller

307 US 174 (1939)
(Militia Consists of All Physically Capable Males When Called to Service Expected to Appear Bearing Arms Supplied by Themselves, Right to Keep and Bear Arms Not Limited to Members of Militia)

Right to Keep and Bear Arms

Also see 2nd Amendment

United States v Emerson

CR A 6:98CR103C, United States District Court, ND Texas, San Angelo Div
(Right to Bear Arms despite Federal Statute Prohibiting Possession of a Firearm while being under a State Restraining Order)

United States v Verdugo-Urquirdez

110 S Ct 3039 (1990)
("people" in 2nd Amendment same as "people" in Preamble, 1st, 4th & 9th Amendments: Citizens and Legal Aliens)

Lewis v United States

445 US 95 (1980)
(Felons are Subject to Loss of Rights of Citizenship including Right To Keep and Bear Arms)

United States v Miller

307 US 174 (1939)
(Arms with No Reasonable Relationship to Preservation or Efficiency of a Well Regulated Militia Not Protected by 2nd Amendment)

Miller v Texas

153 US 535 (1894)
(State Incorporation of 2nd Amendment Argument Not Made in Timely Fashion)

Presser v Illinois

116 US 252 (1886)
(States Cannot Prohibit Right to Keep and Bear Arms; 14th Amendment Incorporates 2nd Amendment to States)

United States v Cruikshank

92 US 542 (1876)
(Right to Keep and Bear Arms Recognized as a Right Existed Prior to Constitution, Right to Keep and Bear Arms Not Dependent on Constitution for Existence)

Warrantless Searches and Seizures

Also see 4th Amendment

Illinois v Caballes

03-923 (2005)
(Dog sniff conducted during lawful traffic stop that reveals no information other than the location of a substance that no individual has any right to possess does not violate the Fourth Amendment)
Findlaw

?

(June 27 2002)
(Random Drug Test Requirements for Student's Discretionary Activities not Compulsory)

?

(June 17 2002)
(Police not Required to Inform Suspects their Right to Refuse Consentual Search)

?

(Dec 10 2001)
(Warrant not Required if Warrantless Search a Condition of Probationer's Probation)

?

(Mar 21 2001)
(Hospital Workers cannot Test Maternity Patients for Illegal Drug Use without Consent)

Kyllo v United States

(Jun 11 2001)
(Warrant Required for Thermal Imaging of Home)

?

(Nov 28 2000)
(Probable Cause Required for Warrantless Vehicle Searches at Highway Checkpoint with Primary Purpose of Detecting Illegal Activity)

?

(Mar 28 2000)
(Anonymous Tip not Reasonable for Warrantless Protective Search)

?

(Jan 12 2000)
(Police Allowed to Detain Suspects who Egress after Sighting Police)

United States v Watson

117 F3d 1421 (1997 WL 377035) (CTA6 1997)
(Genuine Threats to obtain Search Warrant may not render Search Consent Involuntary)

United States v Riascos-Suarez

73 F3rd 616, 625 (6th Cir 1996)
(Coerced Consent in Warrantless Search)

United States v White

979 F2d 539, 542 (CTA6 1992)
(Baseless Threats to obtain Search Warrant may render Search Consent Involuntary)

United States v Colonia

870 F2d 1319 (CTA7 1989)
(Genuine Threats to obtain Search Warrant may not render Search Consent Involuntary)

United States v Talkington

843 F2d 1031 (CTA7 1988)
(Genuine Threats to obtain Search Warrant may not render Search Consent Involuntary)

United States v Williams

754 F2d 672 (CTA6 1985)
(Time Limits on Detainment without Arrest or Seizure of Person)

United States v Ross

456 US –; 72 L Ed 2d 572; 102 S Ct 2157 (1982)
(Warrantless Search of Vehicle)

Payton v New York

445 US 573; 63 L Ed 2d 639; 100 S Ct 1371 (1980)
(Warrantless Search of House)

Marshall v Barlow's, Inc

436 US 307; 56 L Ed 2d 305; 98 S Ct 1816 (1978)
(Warrantless Search of Commercial Building)

United States v Chadwick

433 US 1 (1977)
(Warrantless Search of Locked Footlocker in Police Custody)

Brown v Illinois

422 US 590; 95 S Ct 2254 (1975)
(Exploitation of an Illegal Act may render Search Consent Involuntary)

United States v Robinson

414 US 218 (1973)
(Search Incident to Arrest Permissible Exception to Warrant Requirement)

Schneckloth v Bustamonte

412 US 218, 248-249; 93 S Ct 2041, 2059 (1973)
(Coercion and Duress may render Search Consent Involuntary)

United States v Biswell

406 US 311 (1972)
(Warrantless Inspection of Pervasively Regulated Business)

Chimel v California

395 US 752; 89 S Ct 2034; 23 L Ed 2d 685 (1969)
(Warrantless Search of House Incident to Arrest)

Norman See v City of Seattle

387 US 541, 18 L ed 2d 943, 87 S Ct 1737 (1967)
(Warrantless Fire Code Enforcement Inspection of Commercial Building)

Camara v Municipal Court of the City and County of San Francisco

387 US 523 (1967)
(Warrantless Housing Code Enforcement Inspection of Private Residence)

Stoner v California

376 US 483

Mapp v Ohio

367 US 643; 81 S Ct 1684; 6 L Ed 2d 1081 (1961)
(Warrantless Search of House)

Eaton v Price

364 US 263

Frank v Maryland

359 US 360

United States v Jeffers

342 US 48

McDonald v United States

335 US 451

Johnson v United States

333 US 10, 14
(Warrantless Search of House)

Davis v United States

328 US 582 (1946)
(Warrantless Search with Disputed Coerced Consent for Government Owned Property)

Go-Bart Importing Company v United States

282 US 344 (1931)
(Deficient/Defective Search Warrant)

Agnello v United States

269 US 20

Carroll v United States

267 US 132 (1925)
(Warrantless Search of Vehicle)

Amos v United States

255 US 313, 41 S Ct 266 (1921)
(Warrantless Search of House)

Gouled v United States

255 US 298 (1921)
(Warrantless Search of Office and Papers)

Search and Seizure Incident to Arrest

Also see 4th Amendment

?

(Apr 24 2001)
(Search Incident to Arrest for Minor Offense does not Violate Fourth Amendment)

Knowles v Iowa

97-7597 (1998)
(Search Incident to Traffic Citation Violates Fourth Amendment regardless of Iowa Law)

United States v Robinson

414 US 218 (1973)
(Search Incident to Arrest Permissible Exception to Warrant Requirement)

Chimel v California

395 US 752; 89 S Ct 2034; 23 L Ed 2d 685 (1969)
(Warrantless Search of House Incident to Arrest)

Harris v United States

331 US 145; 67 S Ct 1098; 91 L Ed 1399 (1947)
(Search of Arrestee's Entire House)

Warrant Searches and Seizures

Also see 4th Amendment

Flippo v West Virginia

98-8770 (1999)
(Warrants Required to Search Murder Scenes in Homes)

Ybarra v Illinois

444 US 85; 62 L Ed 2d 238; 100 S Ct 338 (1979)
(Persons Not Described Searched without Probable Cause at Place Described)

Mincey v Arizona

437 US 385 (1978)
(Warrants Required to Search Murder Scenes in Homes)
Findlaw

Zurcher v Stanford Daily

436 US 547; 56 L Ed 2d 525; 98 S Ct 1920 (1978)
(Search Warrant for Criminal Evidence in Newspaper Office)
Findlaw

Harris v United States

331 US 145; 67 S Ct 1098; 91 L Ed 1399 (1947)
(Things Seized Not Described)

Go-Bart Importing Company v United States

282 US 344 (1931)
(Deficient /Defective Search Warrant)

Probable Cause

Also see 4th Amendment

Virginia v Moore

06-1082 (Apr 23 2008)
(State Statutes not Incorporated in 4th Amendment, No Federal Remedy for Improper State Arrests)
Findlaw

Brendlin v California

06-8120 (June 18 2007)
(Passengers have Standing in Challenging Constitutionality of Traffic Stops)
Findlaw

Illinois v Caballes

03-923 (2005)
(Dog sniff conducted during lawful traffic stop that reveals no information other than the location of a substance that no individual has any right to possess does not violate the Fourth Amendment)
Findlaw

?

(June 27 2002)
(Random Drug Test Requirements for Student's Discretionary Activities not Compulsory)

?

(Nov 28 2000)
(Probable Cause Required for Vehicle Searches at Highway Checkpoint with Primary Purpose of Detecting Illegal Activity)

Ybarra v Illinois

444 US 85; 62 L Ed 2d 238; 100 S Ct 338 (1979)
(Persons Searched without Probable Cause)

Oath or Affirmation

Describing Place To Be Searched

Ybarra v Illinois

444 US 85; 62 L Ed 2d 238; 100 S Ct 338 (1979)
(Persons Not Described Searched without Probable Cause at Place Described)

Describing Persons To Be Seized

Ybarra v Illinois

444 US 85; 62 L Ed 2d 238; 100 S Ct 338 (1979)
(Persons Not Described Searched without Probable Cause at Place Described)

Describing Things To Be Seized

Grand Juries

Also see 5th Amendment

Hurtado v California

110 US 516; 4 S Ct 111; 28 L Ed 232 (1884)

Double Jeopardy

Also see 5th Amendment, Article 1 Section 8's Regulate Commerce, 9th Amendment's Undelegated Powers
(Many "Separate State and Federal Prosecutions for Same Offense" cases are incorrectly defended as Double Jeopardy when they should have been argued as violations of "Article 1 Section 8's Powers of Congress and 9th Amendment's Undelegated Powers" )

Wilson v Layne

98-83 (1999)
(Media and Other Third Parties Invited by Police to Enter Home During Execution of Search Warrant Violates Fourth Amendment)
FindLaw

United States v Ursery

95-345 (1996)
(Civil Forfeiture and Criminal Prosecution not Double Jeopardy; Civil Forfeiture not Punishment)
FindLaw

Benton v Maryland

395 US 784 (1969)

Bartikus v Illinois

(1959)
(Separate State and Federal Prosecutions for Same Offense not Double Jeopardy)

Abbate v United States

(1959)
(Separate State and Federal Prosecutions for Same Offense not Double Jeopardy)

State of Louisiana ex rel Francis v Reswebar

329 US 459; 67 S Ct 374; 91 L Ed 422 (1947)

Palko v State of Connecticut

302 US 319; 58 S Ct 149; 82 L Ed 288 (1937)

United States v Lanza

260 US 377; 43 S Ct 141; 67 L Ed 314 (1922)
(Separate State and Federal Prosecutions for Same Offense not Double Jeopardy)

Self Incrimination

Also see 5th Amendment

?

(Mar 19 2001)
(Claims of No Involvement with a Crime does not Waive Self Incrimination Privilege)

Dickerson v United States

99-5525 (2000)
(US Congress cannot Overrule Miranda)
Findlaw

United States v Williams

754 F2d 672 (CTA6 1985)
(Time Limits on Detainment without Arrest or Seizure of Person)

Kastigar v United States

406 US 441 (1972)
(Use Immunity can Override Self-Incrimination Privilege Claim)

Marchetti v United States

390 US 39; 88 S Ct 697; 19 L Ed 2d 889 (1968)

Katz v United States

389 US 347; 88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967)

Schmerber v California

384 US 757; 86 S Ct 1826; 16 L Ed 2d 908 (1966)

Miranda v Arizona

384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966)

Escobedo v Illinois

378 US 478; 84 S Ct 1758; 12 L Ed 2d 977 (1964)

Murphy v Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor

378 US 52; 84 S Ct 1594; 12 L Ed 2d 678 (1964)

Malloy v Hogan

378 US 1; 84 S Ct 1489; 12 L Ed 2d 653 (1964)

Ullmann v United States

350 US 422; 76 S Ct 497; 100 L Ed 511 (1956)

Adamson v California

332 US 46; 67 S Ct 1672; 91 L Ed 1903 (1947)

Chambers v Florida

309 US 227; 84 L Ed 716; 60 S Ct 472 (1940)

Olmstead v United States

277 US 438; S Ct 564; 72 L Ed 944 (1928)

Federal Deprivation of Liberty

Also see 5th Amendment, 9th Amendment's Unenumerated Rights, 14th Amendment's State Deprivation of Liberty

Federal Due Process

Also see 5th Amendment, 14th Amendment's State Due Process

Harris v McRae

448 US 297; 65 L Ed 2d 784; 100 S Ct 2671 (1980)

Weinberger v Wiesenfeld

420 US 636; 43 L Ed 2d 514; 95 S Ct 1225 (1975)

Davidson v New Orleans

96 US 97, 24 L Ed 616 (1878)

Munn v Illinois

94 US 113 (1877)

Barron v Baltimore

7 Peters 243; 8 L Ed 672 (1833)

Dred Scott v Sanford

(1857)
(Black Slaves not Citizens nor Entitled to Equal Protection nor Standing to Sue in Federal Court)

Federal Incorporation of Equal Protection

Also see 5th Amendment, 14th Amendment's Equal Protection

Weinberger v Wiesenfeld

420 US 636; 43 L Ed 2d 514; 95 S Ct 1225 (1975)
(Federal Gender Discrimination)

Dred Scott v Sanford

(1857)
(Black Slaves not Citizens nor Entitled to Equal Protection nor Standing to Sue in Federal Court)

Private Property

Also see 5th Amendment

Taking

Also see 5th Amendment

?

(Apr 23 2003)
(Government Moritorium on Property Development not De Facto Taking)

Bowen v Agencies Opposed to Social Security Entrapment

477 US 41 (1986)
(Amending Social Security Act Prohibiting State Withdrawal of Participation is not Taking of Property, Agreements Created No Contractual Rights)
FindLaw

Pruneyard Shopping Center v Robins et al

447 US 74 (1980)
FindLaw
(California Statute Granting Speech and Petition Rights at Private Shopping Centers is not a Taking of Property)

Village of Euclid, Ohio v Ambler Realty Co

US 365; 47 S Ct 114; 71 L Ed 303 (1926)

Barron v Baltimore

7 Peters 243; 8 L Ed 672 (1833)

Public Use

Also see 5th Amendment

Just Compensation

Also see 5th Amendment

Speedy and Public Trial

Also see 6th Amendment

Klopfer v North Carolina

386 US 216 (1967)

Impartial Jury

Also see 6th Amendment

Chandler and Granger v Florida

449 US 560; 66 L Ed 2d 740; 101 S Ct 802 (1981)
(Broadcasts of Criminal Trials)

Duren v Missouri

439 US 357; 58 L Ed 2d 579, 99 S Ct 664 (1979)

Nebraska Press Association v Stuart

427 US 539; 49 L Ed 2d 683; S Ct 2791 (1976)
(Prior Restraint of Publication Criminal Trial Reporting by State Court Injunction)

Parker v Gladden

385 US 363 (1966)

Patton v State of Mississippi

332 US 463; 68 S Ct 184; 92 L Ed 76 (1948)

Pennekamp v Florida

328 US 331; 66 S Ct 1029; 90 L Ed 1295 (1946)

Norris v Alabama

294 US 587; 55 S Ct 579; 79 L Ed 1074 (1935)

Compulsory Witnesses

Also see 6th Amendment

Illinois v Allen

397 US 337; 90 S Ct 1057; 25 L Ed 2d 353 (1970)
(Disruptive Defendants do not have 6th Amendment Right to be Present at own Trial)

Pointer v Texas

380 US 400 (1967)

Defense Counsel

Also see 6th Amendment

?

(May 20 2002)
(States may not Impose Sentence with Possibility of Incarceration on Unrepresented Defendants)

?

(Apr 2 2001)
(Police May Question Suspect without an Attorney if Suspect Already Represented by Attorney in a Related Case)

?

(Jan 13 2000)
(Appeals Court Judges may Disallow Self-Representation by Criminal Defendant while Appealing Their Case)

Argersinger v Hamlin

407 US 25 (1972)

Illinois v Allen

397 US 337; 90 S Ct 1057; 25 L Ed 2d 353 (1970)
(Disruptive defendants do not have 6th Amend right to be present at own trial)

Miranda v Arizona

384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966)

Escobedo v Illinois

378 US 478; 84 S Ct 1758; 12 L Ed 2d 977 (1964)

Gideon v Wainwright

372 US 335; 83 S Ct 792; 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963)
(State Defendants Entitled to Attorney in Felony Criminal Prosecutions)

Powell v Alabama

287 US 45; 53 S Ct 55; 77 L Ed 158 (1932)

Civil Jury Trial

Also see 7th Amendment

Gasperini v Center

(1996)
(Appeal Judges may set aside Jury Awards when Trial Judge abuses Discretion)

Excessive Bail

Also see 8th Amendment

Excessive Fines

Also see 8th Amendment

State Farm Insurance v ?

(Apr 7 2003)
(High Punitive to Compensatory Damages Ratio is Excessive, Irrational and Arbitrary)

Cruel & Unusual Punishment

Also see 8th Amendment

State Farm Insurance v ?

(Apr 7 2003)
(Punitive Damages for Defendant Conduct Outside Case Unconstitutional)

?

(Apr 2 2003)
(State's Three Strikes Law not Cruel or Unusual Punishment)

Penry v Texas

(June 20 2002)
(Execution of Mentally Retarded Persons Unconstitutional)

Gregg v Georgia

428 US 153; 49 L Ed 2d 859; 96 S Ct 2909 (1976)

Robinson v California

370 US 660 (1962)

State of Louisiana ex rel Francis v Reswebar

329 US 459; 67 S Ct 374; 91 L Ed 422 (1947)

Unenumerated Rights

Also see 9th Amendment, 5th Amendment's Federal Deprivation of Liberty, 14th Amendment's State Deprivation of Liberty

Stenberg v Carhart

99-830 (2000)
(Partial Birth Abortion Privacy Right)
Findlaw

Roe v Wade

410 US 113; 93 S Ct 705; 35 L Ed 2d 147 (1973)
(Abortion Privacy Right)
Findlaw

Griswold v Connecticut

381 US 479; 85 S Ct 1678; 14 L Ed 2d 510 (1965)
(Privacy Right)

Meyer v Nebraska

262 US 390; 43 S Ct 625; 67 L Ed 1042 (1923)
(Liberty to Teach Foreign Language to Children)

McCulloch v Maryland

(1819)
(Congress has unenumerated power (aka implied power) to enact laws that reflect the "letter and spirit" of the Constitution)

Undelegated Powers

Also see Supremacy Clause, 10th Amendment

?

(Mar 6 2000)
(States cannot Enact Laws that Conflict with or Supplement Federal Law)

?

(Jan 11 2000)
(Congress cannot Prohibit State Government's Age Discrimination Against State Employees)

Williams and Diamond v Zbaraz

448 US 358; 65 L Ed 2d 831; 100 S Ct 2694 (1980)

Harris v McRae

448 US 297; 65 L Ed 2d 784; 100 S Ct 2671 (1980)

Linder v United States

268 US 5 (1925)
(Direct Control of Medical Practice in States beyond Power of Federal Government)
(Incidental Regulation by Congress through a Taxing Act cannot Extend to Matters Inappropriate and Unnecessary to Reasonable Enforcement of a Revenue Measure)
Findlaw (sites more important cases)

McCulloch v Maryland

(1819)
(Congress has undelegated power (aka implied power) to enact laws that reflect the "letter and spirit" of the Constitution)

Marbury v Madison

(1803)
(Court has undelegated power to overturn acts of Congress)

Jurisdiction in Suits Against States

Also see 11th Amendment, Article 3's Supreme Court Jurisdiction

Regents v Doe

95-1695 (1997)

Osborn v Bank of the United States

9 Wheaton 738; 6 L Ed 204 (1824)
(Federal Agency Suit Against State Officials)

United States Citizenship

Also see 14th Amendment

Dred Scott v Sanford

(1857)
(Black Slaves not Citizens nor Entitled to Equal Protection nor Standing to Sue in Federal Court)

State Citizenship

Jones v Temmer

829 F. Supp. 1226 (1993)
(Privileges and Immunities Clause of Fourteenth Amendment does not protect Rights which relate to State Citizenship)

Also see 14th Amendment

Privileges and Immunities

Also see 14th Amendment, Article 4's Privileges and Immunities

Jones v Temmer

829 F. Supp. 1226 (1993)
(Privileges and Immunities Clause does not protect Rights which relate to State Citizenship)

Slaugher House Cases

16 Wallace 36; 21 L Ed 394 (1873)
(Rights derived from State Citizenship not protected by 14th Amendment)

State Deprivation of Liberty

Also see 14th Amendment, 5th Amendment's Federal Deprivation of Liberty, 9th Amendment's Unenumerated Rights

Addington v Texas

439 US 908 (1979)

Zablocki v Redhail

434 US 374; 54 L Ed 2d 618; 98 S Ct 673 (1978)

O'Connor v Donaldson

422 US 563; 95 S Ct 2486; 45 L Ed 2d 396 (1975)

Gitlow v State of New York

268 US 652; 45 S Ct 625; 69 L Ed 1138 (1925)

Pierce v Society of Sisters

268 US 510 (1925)

Meyer v Nebraska

262 US 390; 43 S Ct 625; 67 L Ed 1042 (1923)
(Liberty to Teach Foreign Language to Children)

Slaugher House Cases

16 Wallace 36; 21 L Ed 394 (1873)
(Rights derived from State Citizenship not protected by 14th Amendment)

State Due Process

Also see 14th Amendment, 5th Amendment's Federal Due Process

Skinner v Oklahoma

(1942)

Palko v State of Connecticut

302 US 319; 58 S Ct 149; 82 L Ed 288 (1937)

Buck v Bell

274 US 200, 47 S Ct 584, 71 L Ed 1000 (1927)
(State Forced Sterilization of Feeble-Minded Persons)

Tumey v Ohio

273 US 510; 47 S Ct 114; 71 L Ed 303 (1926)

State Incorporation of Other US Constitutional Provisions

Also see 14th Amendment

?

(May 20 2002)
(6th Amendment Defense Counsel)

Jones v Temmer

829 F. Supp. 1226 (1993)
(Privileges and Immunities Clause of Fourteenth Amendment does not protect Rights which relate to State Citizenship)

Chandler and Granger v Florida

449 US 560; 66 L Ed 2d 740; 101 S Ct 802 (1981)
(1st Amendment Speech & Press; 6th Amendment Impartial Jury)

Williams and Diamond v Zbaraz

448 US 358; 65 L Ed 2d 831; 100 S Ct 2694 (1980)

Harris v McRae

448 US 297; 65 L Ed 2d 784; 100 S Ct 2671 (1980)

Payton v New York

445 US 573; 63 L Ed 2d 639; 100 S Ct 1371 (1980)
(4th Amendment Search and Seizure)

Ybarra v Illinois

444 US 85; 62 L Ed 2d 238; 100 S Ct 338 (1979)
(4th Amendment Search and Seizure)

Duren v Missouri

439 US 357; 58 L Ed 2d 579, 99 S Ct 664 (1979)

Zurcher v Stanford Daily

436 US 547; 56 L Ed 2d 525; 98 S Ct 1920 (1978)
(1st Amendment Press; 4th Amendment Search and Seizure)

Gregg v Georgia

428 US 153; 49 L Ed 2d 859; 96 S Ct 2909 (1976)

Nebraska Press Association v Stuart

427 US 539; 49 L Ed 2d 683; S Ct 2791 (1976)
(1st Amendment Press; 6th Amendment Impartial Jury)

Roe v Wade

410 US 113; 93 S Ct 705; 35 L Ed 2d 147 (1973)
(9th Amendment Unenumerated Rights)

Argersinger v Hamlin

407 US 25 (1972)
(6th Amendment Defense Counsel)

Benton v Maryland

395 US 784 (1969)
(5th Amendment Double Jeopardy)

Duncan v Louisiana

391 US 145; 20 L Ed 491; 88 S Ct 1444 (1968)

Pointer v Texas

380 US 400 (1967)
(6th Amendment Compulsory Witnesses)

Klopfer v North Carolina

386 US 216 (1967)
(6th Amendment Speedy and Public Trial)

Parker v Gladden

385 US 363 (1966)
(6th Amendment Impartial Jury)

Miranda v Arizona

384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966)

Griswold v Connecticut

381 US 479; 85 S Ct 1678; 14 L Ed 2d 510 (1965)
(9th Amendment Unenumerated Rights)

Escobedo v Illinois

378 US 478; 84 S Ct 1758; 12 L Ed 2d 977 (1964)

Malloy v Hogan

378 US 1; 84 S Ct 1489; 12 L Ed 2d 653 (1964)
(5th Amendment Self Incrimination)

Gideon v Wainwright

372 US 335; 83 S Ct 792; 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963)
(6th Amendment Defense Counsel)

Robinson v California

370 US 660 (1962)

Mapp v Ohio

367 US 643; 81 S Ct 1684; 6 L Ed 2d 1081 (1961)
(4th Amendment Warrantless Search and Seizure)

Burstyn v Wilson

343 US 495; 72 S Ct 777; 96 L Ed 1098 (1952)

State of Louisiana ex rel Francis v Reswebar

329 US 459; 67 S Ct 374; 91 L Ed 422 (1947)

Pennekamp v Florida

328 US 331; 66 S Ct 1029; 90 L Ed 1295 (1946)
(1st Amendment Speech & Press; 6th Amendment Impartial Jury)

Martin v City of Struthers, Ohio

319 US 141; 63 S Ct 862; 87 L Ed 1313 (1943)
(1st Amendment Free Exercise of Religion, Speech & Press)

Chambers v Florida

309 US 227; 84 L Ed 716; 60 S Ct 472 (1940)

Hague v Committee for Industrial Organization

307 US 496; 59 S Ct 954; 83 L Ed 1423 (1939)
(1st Amendment Speech, Press & Assembly)

Palko v State of Connecticut

302 US 319; 58 S Ct 149; 82 L Ed 288 (1937)
(5th Amendment Double Jeopardy)

De Jonge v Oregon

299 US 353; 57 S Ct 255; 81 L Ed 278 (1937)
(1st Amendment Speech & Assembly)

Grosjean v American Press Co

297 US 233; 56 S Ct 444; 80 L Ed 660 (1936)
(1st Amendment Press)

Powell v Alabama

287 US 45 (1932)

Near v State of Minnesota ex rel Olson

283 US 697; 51 S Ct 625; 75 L Ed 1357 (1931)
(1st Amendment Press)

Village of Euclid, Ohio v Ambler Realty Co

US 365; 47 S Ct 114; 71 L Ed 303 (1926)
(5th Amendment Taking)

Gitlow v State of New York

268 US 652; 45 S Ct 625; 69 L Ed 1138 (1925)
(1st Amendment Speech & Press)

Meyer v Nebraska

262 US 390; 43 S Ct 625; 67 L Ed 1042 (1923)

Miller v Texas

153 US 535 (1894)
(State Incorporation of 2nd Amendment Argument Not Made in Timely Fashion)

Presser v Illinois

116 US 252 (1886)
(2nd Amendment Right to Keep and Bear Arms)

Hurtado v California

110 US 516; 4 S Ct 111; 28 L Ed 232 (1884)

Munn v Illinois

94 US 113 (1877)

Abelman v Booth

21 Howard 506; 16 L Ed 169 (1859)
(Pre-14th Amendment; Article 1, Sec 9 Habeas Corpus)

Barron v Baltimore

7 Peters 243; 8 L Ed 672 (1833)
(Pre-14th Amendment; 5th Amendment Taking)

Equal Protection

Also see 14th Amendment, 5th Amendment's Federal Incorporation of Equal Protection

?

(June 11 2001)
(Government Run (Public) Schools cannot Discriminate Against After-Hours Religious Programs)

Michael M v Superior Court of Sonoma County

450 US 464; 67 L Ed 2d 437; S Ct 1200 (1981)
(Gender Discrimination in State Statuatory Rape Law)

Williams and Diamond v Zbaraz

448 US 358; 65 L Ed 2d 831; 100 S Ct 2694 (1980)

Harris v McRae

448 US 297; 65 L Ed 2d 784; 100 S Ct 2671 (1980)

Regents of the University of California v Bakke

438 US 265; 57 L Ed 2d 750; S Ct 2733 (1978)
(State Race Discrimination)

Roe v Wade

410 US 113; 93 S Ct 705; 35 L Ed 2d 147 (1973)

Reed v Reed

404 US 71; 30 L Ed 2d 225; 92 S Ct 251 (1971)
(State Gender Discrimination)

Baker v Carr

369 US 186; 82 S Ct 691, 7 L Ed 2d 663 (1962)
(State legislative reapportionment that deprives equal protection)

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka

(1954)
(De Jure Racial Segregation inherently Unequal)

Patton v State of Mississippi

332 US 463; 68 S Ct 184; 92 L Ed 76 (1948)

Skinner v Oklahoma

(1942)

Norris v Alabama

294 US 587; 55 S Ct 579; 79 L Ed 1074 (1935)

Buck v Bell

274 US 200, 47 S Ct 584, 71 L Ed 1000 (1927)
(State Forced Sterilization of Feeble-Minded Persons)

Income Taxes

Also see 16th Amendment, Direct Taxes

Other

Arbitrariness, Overbreadth, Vagueness

Posters 'N' Things v United States

92-903 (1994)
(Mail Order Drug Paraphrenalia Control Act not Vague)
FindLaw

Entrapment

Jacobson v United States

503 US 540 (1992)
FindLaw

Mathews v United States

485 US 58 (1988)
(Defendant Entitled to Entrapment Instruction when Sufficient Evidence of Government Inducement and Lack of Predisposition)
FindLaw

Hampton v United States

425 US 484 (1976)
(Entrapment Defense Unavailable when Defendant Admits Predisposition, despite Outrageous Police Conduct)
FindLaw

United States v Russell

411 US 423 (1973)
(Predisposition Fatal to Claim of Entrapment)
FindLaw

Lopez v United States

373 US 427 (1963)
FindLaw

Saldana v United States

365 US 646 (1961)
FindLaw

Marshall v United States

360 US 310 (1959)
FindLaw

Masciale v United States

356 US 386 (1958)
(Entrapment Not Established as a Matter of Law, Jury May Consider and Disbelieve Defendant's Claim)
FindLaw

Sherman v United States

356 US 369 (1958)
(Entrapment Established as a Matter of Law, Jury Conviction Reversed)
FindLaw

Sorrells v United States

287 US 435 (1932)
(Entrapment shall not be Disallowed as a Matter of Law when Sufficient Evidence of Entrapment, Defendant Entitled to Jury Instruction)
FindLaw

Necessity Defense

United States v Oakland Cannabis Buyers Cooperative

(2001)

United States v Peter McWilliams, Todd McCormick, et al

CR 97-997 (A) -GHK (1999)
(Disallow Medical Necessity Defense as a Matter of Law and When Legal Alternative Available)
www.petertrial.com/ruling.htm

United States v Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative

1999 WL 705099 (9th Cir 1999)
(Allow Medical Necessity Defense for Marijuana)

State v Williams

968 P 2d 26, 30 (C A Wash 1998)
(Disallow Medical Necessity Defense as a Matter of Law; Legislature Determined Schedule 1 Drugs have No Accepted Medical Use)

United States v Schoon, Kennon, Manning

939 F 2d 826; 971 F 2d 193;  955 F 2d 1238 (9th Cir 1991)
(Necessity Defense Disallowed when Lack of Immediacy, Action would not Abate Harm, or Availability of Legal Alternatives)
FindLaw

United States v Aguilar

883 F 2d 662, 793 (9th Cir 1989)
(Necessity Defense Requires Defendants to have No Legal Alternative to Criminal Conduct Available)

Automobile Workers v Johnson Controls Inc

499 US 187 (1991)
(Business Necessity Defense)
FindLaw

Wards Cove Packing Co Inc v Atonio

490 US 642 (1989)
(Business Necessity Defense)
FindLaw

Sumitomo Shoji America Inc v Avagliano

457 US 176 (1982)
(Business Necessity Defense)
FindLaw

United States v Bailey

444 US 394 (1980)
(Duress or Necessity Defense Requires Prison Escapees to Surrender unless Under Continuing Duress)
FindLaw

United States v Richardson

588 F 2d 1235, 1239 (9th Cir 1978)
(Disallow Necessity Defense for Defendants who have Alternative Legal Course of Action, including Petitioning FDA to Reclassify Laetrile)

Nashville Gas Co v Satty

434 US 136 (1977)
(Business Necessity Defense)
FindLaw

Testimony

United States v Oslet Franklin Lowery, Jr

97-368-CR-ZLOCH
(Motion to Suppress Testimony by Witness Promised Leniency in exchange for Testifying)

US Case Law Research Organizations & Websites

Also see US Judicial Branch

All Law
Cornell Law School
Emory Law School
FindLaw
First Amendment Center
Freedomlaw.com
Indiana University Law School
'Lectric Law Library
Legal Information Institute
QuizLaw
Supreme Court of the United States
US Constitution Online